Zero-valent iron(ZVI), as a reductive material, has been widely used for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. The biogenic sulfidation of ZVI, facilitated by sulfur metabolites produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB), enhances ZVI's reactivity and selectivity toward contaminants while mitigating the undesirable hydrogen evolution reaction. Compared with chemical sulfidation, biogenic sulfidation is more efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Moreover, it also facilitates the in situ sulfidation of ZVI already deployed underground, offering a promising avenue for practical applications. This review examines the dual effects of ZVI on SBR growth and metabolism, summarizing both its toxic and promoting influences. It elaborates on three SBR-mediated corrosion mechanisms: cathode depolarization, metabolite corrosion, and extracellular electron transfer. Natural and enhanced biogenic sulfidation processes of ZVI are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, the review highlights the key challenges and outlines future research directions for advancing this technology in groundwater remediation. These insights aim to provide a solid theoretical foundation and technical guidance for the application of biogenetic sulfidated ZVI in this field.

Sea cucumber, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata and class Holothuroidea, is an important marine organism with both medicinal and edible value. It is rich in protein, polysaccharides, saponins, and various trace elements, characterized by high protein and low fat content. Studies have shown that components such as polysaccharides, saponins, and bioactive peptides derived from sea cucumbers and their byproducts exhibit significant efficacy in immunomodulation, anti-tumor activity, anticoagulation, and neuroprotection, demonstrating broad development potential. This article systematically reviews the medicinal and nutritional value of sea cucumbers, the types and preparation methods of their bioactive substances, and discusses current research challenges. Furthermore, it prospects the directions for high-value utilization and deep processing of sea cucumber resources, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of related functional products.

In this paper, Streptomyces ghanaensis HL-404 which produces flavomycin was used as the starting strain, and multiple rounds of compound mutagenesis were performed by atmospheric pressure and room temperature plasma mutagenesis (ARTP) and Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and ribosome engineering technology was combined to screen the resistance of the mutant strain to streptomycin and rifampin. The resistant strains obtained through the preliminary screening of 24-well plate culture combined with bacteriostatic circle method were screened again by shaking flask after a complete high-throughput screening system was established, and the high-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the titer of flavomycin. Finally, the high-yielding strain HL-1712 was successfully obtained, and its fermentation titer was increased by 67.3% compared with the starting strain. After genetic stability verification, the strain still did not significantly decrease the titer after 5 generations of subculture. The compound mutagenesis combined with ribosome engineering technology and high-throughput screening used in this paper greatly improved the screening efficiency of highyielding strains of flavomycin, and proved that this method has effectiveness.

Sea cucumbers, as an important marine economic resource, their by-products such as sea cucumber intestines, sea cucumber gonads, and sea cucumber cooking liquids generated during processing are rich in bioactive substances like saponins, polysaccharides, and protein peptides. However, they are usually discarded as waste, which not only causes serious resource waste but also poses pollution risks to the environment. Based on this, a systematic review was conducted on the types of sea cucumber by-products, their nutritional composition, and biological activity. The focus was on discussing the preparation technologies of bioactive substances in sea cucumbers and their by-products and the current development status of related functional products. Furthermore, the future development prospects and technical barriers were analyzed, aiming to provide research ideas for promoting the high-value utilization of sea cucumber by-products.

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is a widely used fluorescent labeling probe known for its broad-spectrum labeling ability, high fluorescence quantum yield, and excellent water solubility. Its technological development in the field of fluorescent labeling has become increasingly sophisticated. FITC plays a pivotal role in clinical medicine, drug development, and biological research, particularly excelling in tumor imaging, drug delivery monitoring, and biomarker detection. Despite its advantages, challenges remain, including environmental pollution during synthesis and limitations due to photobleaching. Future advancements are expected through the development of greener synthesis routes, the construction of photostable variants, and the integration of microfluidic technologies. These innovations could allow FITC labeling to overcome current limitations and extend its applications in precision medicine, environmental monitoring, and intelligent packaging. This review systematically summarizes methods for optimizing FITC synthesis, highlights its fluorescence labeling applications, and discusses the contributions of derivative compounds (e,g.,2', 7'- dichlorofluorescein isothiocyanate), providing a comprehensive technical roadmap for future progress in FITC develpment.

The effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarun N1 fermentation on Auricularia auricula polysaccharides was investigated in this study. Firstly, polysaccharides were extracted by ethanoprecipitation and deproteinized by Sevage method. Two water-soluble polysaccharides, namely Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAP) and fermented Auricularia auricula polysaccharide(FAAP), were isolated from the Auricularia auricula liguid before and after fermentation. The physicochemical properties and biological activities of AAP and FAAP were studied. The results showed that the proportions of D-mannose, D-fucose, D-xylose, D-arabinose, and D-glucuronic acid in FAAP increased by 6.7‰,1.4‰,1.8‰,34.3‰, and 31.2‰, respectively. The molecular weight of the main polysaccharide component decreased from 1. 98X10⁶Da (AAP) to 1.45X10⁶Da (FAAP),while the triple helix structure content increased. By inducing insulin resistance in HepG2 cells with insulin, it was found that FAAP can increase glucose consumption by 8. 69%, regulate the relative expression levels of diabetes-related genes PI3K, AKT, GSK3β, and GLUT2, and improve insulin resistance by restoring and ameliorating abnormal glucose metabolism in insulin resistance HepG2 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

As a key technology in the field of bioengineering, microbial fermentation is of great significance to the development of many sectors such as biomanufacturing and the food industry. Relying on the ORBIT Intelligence patent analysis platform, this study retrieved and analyzed 234,767 global patents related to microbial fermentation technology. Using the method of patent mapping, we conducted multi-dimensional statistical analysis on the patent application trend characteristics, cooperation network of high-impact patent holders, cooperation network of inventors, and evolution path of core technologies in this technical field. This study reveals the current research status and development trends of the microbial fermentation field, providing references for patent layout, cooperation, and innovation directions in this field. The results show that patent applications in the microbial fermentation field have grown rapidly in recent years, reaching a peak in 2017, and forming high-impact patent holders represented by Jiangnan University, Zhejiang University of Technology, and South Korea's CJ Cheiledang Corporation. Chinese universities are the core technical forces in the cooperation network of patent holders, while enterprises are key participants in technology transformation and industrial application by embedding themselves in the technical network through cooperation. Inventor cooperation mainly occurs within their employing units, and high-yield inventor teams are concentrated at Jiangnan University, focusing on fermentation engineering and gut microbial technology. The evolution paths of core technologies mainly include strain screening and improvement, and microbial metabolic engineering; foreign enterprises such as Denmark's Novozymes, Danisco USA, and Japan's Ajinomoto Co., Inc. have played a leading role in core technological innovation.

Phenolic compounds can be transformed into glycoside conjugates upon entering plants, which may release free phenolic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Ignoring the presence of glycoside complexes can lead to an underestimation of the risks associated with phenolic compounds. This study developed an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of five phenolic compounds and their glycoside conjugates in complex plant matrices using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). Key parameters, including chromatographic mobile phase, extraction solvents, and elution solvents, were systematically optimized. Methanol-water was selected as the mobile phase, with a V(methanol)∶V(water) ratio of 9∶1 for extraction, and 5 mL of methanol combined with 5 mL of dichloromethane as the elution solvent for solid-phase extraction. A matrix-matched approach was employed to minimize matrix interference during quantitative analysis. This method demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity, with limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.2-0.6 ng/g and 0.6-2.0 ng/g, respectively. Spiked recovery rates ranged from 79.2% to 103.1%, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of 2.8% to 10.7% and 5.6% to 18.3%, respectively, indicating good precision and reproducibility. Application of this method to contaminated lettuce samples showed significantly higher levels of phenolic glycoside conjugates(413.2-2 637.1 ng/g) compared to phenolic parents(172.8-569.6 ng/g). This finding suggests that neglecting glycoside conjugates in lettuce would lead to a 0.8-7.5 fold underestimation of the health risks associated with phenolic contamination.

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus with demonstrated anticancer potential. This study compared the effects of triterpenes extracted from G. lucidum via low-temperature extraction(GLEC) and hot water extraction(GLEH) on HepG2 cells. The results of the MTT assay showed that at a concentration of 1 200 μg/mL, GLEC significantly inhibited cell proliferation(62.7±0.98)% compared to GLEH(48.5±1.1)%. Flow cytometry revealed that GLEC induced a higher apoptosis rate(54.1±0.88)%, caused more pronounced G0/G1 phase arrest, and led to a greater loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. qRT-PCR analysis results showed that GLEC exerts its effects by suppressing the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and activating the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, with significantly elevated expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 compared to the GLEH. This study provides experimental evidence for optimizing the extraction methods of G. lucidum triterpenes.

Edible fungal polysaccharides are one of the most important active substances in edible fungi, with various pharmacological effects. The active efficacy of edible fungal polysaccharides is closely related to their structure. More and more studies have shown that edible fungal polysaccharides have great potential in improving symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. This article reviewed the extraction methods and structural characteristics of edible fungal polysaccharides, and discussed the improvement effect and mechanism of edible fungi polysaccharides on inflammatory bowel diseases, and provided the reference for the processing and utilization of edible fungal polysaccharides and the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

Using atmospheric and room temperature plasma(ARTP) mutagenesis to enhance neomycin sulfate production in Streptomyces fradiae, the optimal mutagenesis conditions were determined as 10 seconds of exposure time and 100 W output power. A complete high-throughput cultivation and screening method was developed. Mutant strains were cultivated in 24-well plates, and neomycin sulfate potency was determined using the phosphotungstic acid colorimetric method combined with a microplate reader. Results showed a strong correlation between the phosphotungstic acid colorimetric method and the traditional bioassay. The combination of 24-well plate fermentation and colorimetric detection significantly improved the screening efficiency of high-yielding neomycin sulfate strains. Following ARTP mutagenesis and high-throughput screening, the mutant strain S574 was obtained, with a shaking flask titer 12.65% higher than the original strain and good genetic stability.

Tremella polysaccharides(TP) have attracted increasing attention in the functional food industry due to their diverse bioactivities, including antitumor, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. TP is derived from Tremella colloid(TC), and previous studies have shown that TC can be used as a thickener and antioxidant in the food industry. However, systematic studies on the physicochemical properties of TC and its applications in food remain limited. In this study, systematic experiments were conducted to explore the effects of different factors on the emulsifying stability of TC and TP, and a comparative analysis was made with the traditional thickener gum arabic in terms of emulsifying stability, ζ-potential and particle size. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, their immune-enhancing effects were analyzed through RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation assays, and their hypoglycemic activity was tested using an insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells. The results showed that TC exhibited superior emulsification stability compared to TP and gum arabic, as well as strong radical scavenging ability, immune-enhancing effects, and hypoglycemic activity. At 5 mg/mL, its DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates reached 61.62% and 86.13%, respectively, and the proliferation rate of RAW264.7 cells was 142% higher than that of the control group. At 500 μg/mL, TC increased glucose consumption by 16.67% in HepG2 cells. These findings highlight TC's potential as a novel food texture modifier, antioxidant, immune enhancer, and hypoglycemic agent in the food industry.

In recent years, the domestic xanthan gum production capacity has been expanding, and the xanthan gum industry is facing the pressure of fierce market competition and overcapacity. In this study, non-enzymatic free radical scavengers were screened and applied in xanthan gum fermentation to reduce the mass concentration of free radicals in fermentation broth. By comparing the effects of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid and tea polyphenols applied in xanthan gum fermentation on shear properties, viscosity and gum production, it was found that tea polyphenols could significantly improve the thickening performance and stability of xanthan gum fermentation, and the gum production level was as high as 42. 95 g/L. further comparing the different adding amounts of tea polyphenols, the optimal amount of tea polyphenols was determined when the volume of xanthan gum fermentation medium was 3‰. This study improves the fermentation level of xanthan gum, reduces the production cost, and is of great significance to promote the healthy development of xanthan gum enterprises in China.

A comparative analysis was performed on the structure, physicochemical properties,and functional characteristics of four protein fractions derived from Grifola frondosa. The study revealed that the proteins obtained through different extraction methods exhibited variations in structure, physicochemical attributes, and functional properties. The results indicated that the essential amino acid content in Grifola frondosa albumins, globulins, and glutelins all surpassed the recommendations set by WHO/FAO, highlighting their potential as plant-based protein supplements. The four protein fractions primarily consisted of β-turns and β-sheets, with differences observed in their secondary structures. The particle size of the proteins decreased progressively during the extraction process, accompanied by a broader distribution range. These structural variations are likely key factors contributing to the distinct functional properties of the proteins. Regarding functional characteristics, albumins, globulins, and glutelins exhibited excellent water retention, suggesting their suitability for application as viscous protein products. Albumins showed strong emulsifying properties and emulsion stability, making them promising candidates as emulsifying agents. Globulins exhibited greater stability in colloidal systems, while glutelins displayed notable foaming and gel-forming abilities, suggesting potential applications as a foaming aid and a food structural matrix. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development and application of Grifola frondosa proteins in food and related industries.

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917(EcN) is the most extensively studied non-lactic acid probiotic, known for its ability to establish long-term colonization within the intestinal tract of animal hosts, interact with intestinal epithelial cells, and exert immunomodulatory impacts. As a result, EcN is widely used in the treatment and prevention of chronic constipation, infectious diarrhea, and intestinal inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In recent years, engineered EcN strains have gained significant attention for their potential in diagnosing enteritis and treating obesity and tumors. This review examines the biological characteristics of EcN, its immunomodulatory mechanisms, as well as its role as a host cell for the synthesis of high-value compounds. The aim is to provide insights and references for further research and the broader utilization of EcN as a probiotic.

This study presents an optimized flow-path strategy for the automated spectrophotometric determination of total iron in water using the 1,10-phenanthroline method. Conventional systems employ separate injection channels for each reagent, resulting in complex flow paths and reduced operational efficiency. To overcome these limitations, a reagent-merged injection scheme was developed in which sulfuric acid is co-injected with potassium persulfate, and the buffer solution is co-injected with 1,10-phenanthroline. Comparative evaluations demonstrate that, without compromising measurement precision or accuracy, the optimized design shortens the injection cycle time by 36.8%, reduces valve-switching frequency by 40%, and lowers the cost per valve unit by 11.6%. By simplifying the reagent delivery system and reducing operational complexity, this method enhances analytical efficiency and cost-effectiveness, providing reliable technical support for the development of intelligent water-quality monitoring instrumentation.

The neutralization liquid processed through traditional decolorization and impurity removal methods still contains trace amounts of soluble proteins, polysaccharides, pigments, and metal ions. If not effectively removed, these impurities can significantly impact the quality of monosodium glutamate. To address this issue, the optimal clarifying reagent was screened and applied to the decolorization process to reduce impurity levels. Using transmittance and sodium glutamate content of the treated neutralization liquid as evaluation indicators, optimal reagent dosage and reaction conditions including reaction time, temperature and pH were determined through single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken design of the response surface method. The results showed that when clarified with 2.7‰ of the clarifying agent at 64 ℃, pH 6.5, and a reaction time of 36 minutes, the transmittance of the neutralization liquid reached 89.2%, a significant improvement over the original process. This optimized approach effectively enhances the quality and efficiency of the neutralization solution.

Spore-producing Ganoderma(SPG), referring to the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated specifically for spore production, remains underutilized due to the low content and poor solubility of its active compounds. To enhance the extraction yield of polysaccharides from SPG, this study developed a process combining enzymatic hydrolysis with ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Single-factor and orthogonal array experiments were conducted to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for SPG. Subsequently, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharides was evaluated. The results indicated that when cellulase was added at 2 000 U/g to SPG, and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at 45 ℃ for 3.5 h in a system with a solid-to-water ratio of 1 g∶35 mL and a pH of 5.0, followed by boiling-water extraction for 2.5 h and ultrasonication(30 ℃, 140 W) for 45 min, the extraction yield of polysaccharides from SPG reached(1.760±0.027)%, representing a 91.3% increase compared to the non-enzymatic extraction yield of(0.920±0.015)%. The total reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of polysaccharides extracted through this process were superior to those obtained without enzymatic treatment, although their hydroxyl free radical scavenging capacity was comparatively weaker. These findings demonstrate that cellulase-mediated hydrolysis of SPG, followed by boiling-water and ultrasonic extraction, significantly enhances the polysaccharide yield.

The hydrothermal-stripping synergistic method was applied to treat secqndary aluminum dross, focusing on the synergistic effects and the underlying principles of aluminum nitride decomposition and removal.The results reveal that the hydrothermal -stripping method significantly outperforms single -factor treatments, achieving a decomposition efficiency of aluminum nitride that is notably higher, with a synergistic factor S ranging from 1.2 to 1.5.Under optimal conditions of 80℃, a liquid-solid mass ratio of 10, a gas-liquid volume ratio of 600, a mass ratio of m(CaO):m(SAD)=5:10, and a reaction time of 24 hours, the aluminum nitride removal rate reached a maximum of 90. 85%. The hydrothermal-stripping method demonstrates superior removal efficiency compared to single-factor treatments, with enhanced decomposition driven by increased temperature, gas-liquid volume ratio, and calcium oxide dosage.

Indolizinones are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds whose structures contain both α，β-unsaturated ketone and dienamine units. As key reaction precursors, they can be used for the synthesis of numerous nitrogen-containing heterocyclic natural products, drugs, and biologically active molecules. Currently, the mainstream method for synthesizing indolizinones is the cyclization / dearomative-migration reaction using pyridine or quinoline substrates. There are also a few other methods for constructing the indolizinone skeleton. In addition, the dienamine and α，β-unsaturated ketone structures in indolizinones can undergo further transformations through hydrogenation, iodination, and cycloaddition reactions, thereby enabling the efficient synthesis of more complex nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.