Tremella polysaccharides(TP) have attracted increasing attention in the functional food industry due to their diverse bioactivities, including antitumor, anti-aging, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. TP is derived from Tremella colloid(TC), and previous studies have shown that TC can be used as a thickener and antioxidant in the food industry. However, systematic studies on the physicochemical properties of TC and its applications in food remain limited. In this study, systematic experiments were conducted to explore the effects of different factors on the emulsifying stability of TC and TP, and a comparative analysis was made with the traditional thickener gum arabic in terms of emulsifying stability, ζ-potential and particle size. Their antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays, their immune-enhancing effects were analyzed through RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation assays, and their hypoglycemic activity was tested using an insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells. The results showed that TC exhibited superior emulsification stability compared to TP and gum arabic, as well as strong radical scavenging ability, immune-enhancing effects, and hypoglycemic activity. At 5 mg/mL, its DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging rates reached 61.62% and 86.13%, respectively, and the proliferation rate of RAW264.7 cells was 142% higher than that of the control group. At 500 μg/mL, TC increased glucose consumption by 16.67% in HepG2 cells. These findings highlight TC's potential as a novel food texture modifier, antioxidant, immune enhancer, and hypoglycemic agent in the food industry.

To produce tremella-hawthorn compound yogurt, fresh milk was used as the raw material, with hawthorn and tremella as auxiliary materials, and fermentation was carried out using Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus casei. Based on the single factor test, the fuzzy mathematical sensory evaluation and response surface method were used to optimize and determine that the final optimal production process of hawthorn composite yogurt was as follows: hawthorn puree addition amount of 12.40%, sucrose content of 7.27%, tremella addition amount of 8.27%, starter inoculation amount of 1.50%. After fermentation at 37 °C for 10 h, the finished product has a sweet and sour taste, with a unique flavor, and the highest sensory score. In addition, the quality of tremella-hawthorn compound yogurt was measured, and the results showed that the protein content and fat content of tremella-hawthorn compound yogurt were 3.12% and 2.51%. The total number of lactic acid bacteria in tremella-hawthorn compound yogurt was 1.68×108CFU/g, which was significantly higher than that of yogurt processed by ordinary methods, and no harmful bacteria such as mold and yeast were detected, which met the requirements of the national health standard GB 19302-2025, National Food Safety Standard for Fermented Milk. This study on yogurt provides a reference for the development of compound yogurt.

Sea cucumber, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata and class Holothuroidea, is an important marine organism with both medicinal and edible value. It is rich in protein, polysaccharides, saponins, and various trace elements, characterized by high protein and low fat content. Studies have shown that components such as polysaccharides, saponins, and bioactive peptides derived from sea cucumbers and their byproducts exhibit significant efficacy in immunomodulation, anti-tumor activity, anticoagulation, and neuroprotection, demonstrating broad development potential. This article systematically reviews the medicinal and nutritional value of sea cucumbers, the types and preparation methods of their bioactive substances, and discusses current research challenges. Furthermore, it prospects the directions for high-value utilization and deep processing of sea cucumber resources, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of related functional products.

Conjugated linolenic acid(CLNA) is a class of functional lipids with two or three conjugated double bonds, which has physiological activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering properties. It has been established that the spatial arrangement and cis-trans configuration of CLNA conjugated double bonds are closely related to its physiological activities. Nevertheless, due to their structural similarity and inherent instability, the accurate characterization of CLNA isomers remains a major challenge. The structural properties and identification methods of CLNA isomers were systematically reviewed, with analysis conducted from four dimensions: functional groups, carbon chains, double bond positions, and cis-trans isomerism. The potential applications of double bond position and cis-trans isomerism analysis were explored, with the aim of proposing a novel concept for CLNA complex configuration analysis based on multispectral technology. The study thereby provides a theoretical foundation for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of CLNA isomers, and their precise and efficient application.

Bisphenol A(BPA) is an important industrial chemical with known toxicological effects on biological systems. Its isomer o,p′-BPA(2,4′-isopropylidenediphenol), a by-product of BPA manufacturing, has also been detected in biological matrices. This study investigated haematological and serum biochemical alterations in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats following exposure to BPA and o,p′-BPA. In the BPA-exposed group, significant increases were observed in white blood cell(WBC) count, eosinophil(EO), red cell distribution width-standard deviation(RDW-SD), and platelet distribution width(PDW)(P<0.05). Exposure to o,p′-BPA also resulted in significant elevations in WBC and RDW-SD(P<0.05). In addition, platelet(PLT) and lymphocyte(LYMPH) counts showed significant differences between the two isomer-exposed groups(P<0.05). Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant increases in alanine aminotransferase(ALT), total bilirubin(TBIL), and direct bilirubin(D-BIL) in the BPA group(P<0.05). In the o,p′-BPA group, ALT and TBIL increased by 41.81% and 31.25%, respectively(P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in blood glucose(GLU) levels(P>0.05). Total cholesterol(CHOL) increased by 27.64% and 39.02% in the BPA and o,p′-BPA exposure groups, respectively(P<0.05). In summary, both BPA and o,p′-BPA induced varying degrees of lipid metabolism disruption and hepatic functional impairment in SD rats.

Escherichia coli Nissle 1917(EcN) is the most extensively studied non-lactic acid probiotic, known for its ability to establish long-term colonization within the intestinal tract of animal hosts, interact with intestinal epithelial cells, and exert immunomodulatory impacts. As a result, EcN is widely used in the treatment and prevention of chronic constipation, infectious diarrhea, and intestinal inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In recent years, engineered EcN strains have gained significant attention for their potential in diagnosing enteritis and treating obesity and tumors. This review examines the biological characteristics of EcN, its immunomodulatory mechanisms, as well as its role as a host cell for the synthesis of high-value compounds. The aim is to provide insights and references for further research and the broader utilization of EcN as a probiotic.

Spore-producing Ganoderma(SPG), referring to the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum cultivated specifically for spore production, remains underutilized due to the low content and poor solubility of its active compounds. To enhance the extraction yield of polysaccharides from SPG, this study developed a process combining enzymatic hydrolysis with ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Single-factor and orthogonal array experiments were conducted to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for SPG. Subsequently, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharides was evaluated. The results indicated that when cellulase was added at 2 000 U/g to SPG, and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at 45 ℃ for 3.5 h in a system with a solid-to-water ratio of 1 g∶35 mL and a pH of 5.0, followed by boiling-water extraction for 2.5 h and ultrasonication(30 ℃, 140 W) for 45 min, the extraction yield of polysaccharides from SPG reached(1.760±0.027)%, representing a 91.3% increase compared to the non-enzymatic extraction yield of(0.920±0.015)%. The total reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of polysaccharides extracted through this process were superior to those obtained without enzymatic treatment, although their hydroxyl free radical scavenging capacity was comparatively weaker. These findings demonstrate that cellulase-mediated hydrolysis of SPG, followed by boiling-water and ultrasonic extraction, significantly enhances the polysaccharide yield.

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry(HPLC-AFS) is widely applied for the analysis of inorganic arsenic species; however, studies targeting methylated thioarsenicals remain limited. In this work, an HPLC-AFS method was developed for the simultaneous determination of dimethylarsenate(DMAV), dimethylmonothioarsenate(DMMTAV), and dimethyldithioarsenate(DMDTAV) in water. Two dimethylated thioarsenicals were synthesized in the laboratory and characterized as DMMTAVand DMDTAVusing electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and were subsequently used as reference standards. Qualitative identification was achieved based on retention time, while quantification was performed using the external standard method. The method exhibited good linearity(R2>0.98) over the concentration range of 0.63-11.48 μmol/L, with method detection limits ranging from 0.31 to 34.19 μmol/L for the three analytes. The proposed approach offers short analysis time, high sensitivity, good repeatability, and strong tolerance to common ionic interferences. Its suitability for analyzing dimethylated arsenic and their thio derivatives in water samples provides a valuable tool for elucidating arsenic species behavior and transformation in natural aquatic environments, demonstrating strong potential for practical application.