Incineration has increasingly become the primary method for municipal solid waste disposal. However, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is classified as hazardous waste due to its high concentration of toxic heavy metals, making its safe disposal a critical environmental challenge. To address this, the eco-friendly concept of “using waste to treat waste” has gained traction. Coal fly ash, a bulk industrial solid waste rich in reactive aluminosilicates, serves as an effective precursor for geopolymer synthesis, partially substituting metakaolin while lowering material costs. Current research on geopolymer-solidified MSWI fly ash focuses largely on low-value, high-density construction materials such as road bases and unburned bricks. These conventional matrices exhibit high thermal conductivity, failing to meet the thermal insulation and fire resistance requirements for modern energy-saving construction materials. This study used MSWI fly ash and coal fly ash as raw materials and a novel geopolymer foaming strategy, successfully fabricating an integrated material featuring lightweight properties, low thermal conductivity, and superior thermal insulation efficiency.

A Cu-Mg-Fe layered double hydroxide (CuMgFe LDH) catalyst was synthesized via the coprecipitation method, and its surface physicochemical properties were characterized by XRD and FT-IR. The results demonstrated that CuMgFe LDH exhibited a typical layered structure containing abundant surface hydroxyl groups. At an LDH dosage of 50 mg/L, a PMS mass concentration of 60 mg/L, and an initial SMX mass concentration of 5 mg/L, the suspended CuMgFe LDH/PMS system achieved a sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal efficiency of 93%. High degradation performance was maintained across a wide pH range of 5–11. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments confirmed that the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for SMX degradation were ·OH, SO4·−, and 1O2. Furthermore, CuMgFe LDH membranes (LDHm) were fabricated via self-assembly; compared with the powder catalyst, the catalytic membrane exhibited a nearly three-fold increase in the SMX degradation rate.

To address the limitations of traditional iron supplements, such as low absorption, side effects, and poor sensory appeal, an iron-fortified gel gummy candy with superior sensory quality was developed using sea cucumber gonads (Haishenhua) peptide-iron complex. The formulation and processing parameters were optimized using single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, and the storage stability of the product was evaluated. The optimal formulation was determined as follows: gelatin 8.0 g, peptide-iron complex 0.2 g, concentrated fruit juice 15.0 g, maltitol 15.0 g, and anhydrous citric acid 1.2 g. Under these conditions, the sensory score reached 86.25 ± 4.83, closely matching the predicted value. The resilience and chewiness of the optimized gummy were significantly superior to those of commercial products (P < 0.05), with no observable browning during storage. This study successfully developed an iron-rich functional gummy candy with excellent sensory profile and storage stability, offering a novel strategy for the high-value utilization of sea cucumber processing by-products and the innovation of functional iron-supplement foods.